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STRUCTURE 4

“ADVERBIAL CLAUSES”

Created By :

· Dyah Koes Windarti (11311014)

· Siti Aisah Putri Jamina (11311026)

ENGLISH EDUCATION DEPARTMENT

STATE INSTITUTE OF ISLAMIC STUDIES SALATIGA

2013

ADVERBIAL CLAUSES

A. Definition and Function of adverbial clauses

Adverbial clause is a dependent clause that explains or gives information about the Verb, adjective, adverb in a sentence. Most type of adverbial clauses are considered as modifying the verb of the main clause, some more loosely than others. A few types, such as clauses of time or clauses of place, are sometimes interpreted as modifiers of the entire sentence.

1. Verb Modifier :

· I worked hard. (Adverb)

· I worked as hard as I could. ( Adverb Clause)

2. Adjective Modifier

· She is very tired. ( Adverb)

· She is tired so that she fell asleep.

3. Adverb Modifier

· He got up unusually early. (adverb)

· He got up earlier than we expected. (adverb clause)

B. The Position of Adverbial Clauses

Like the adverb the adverbial clause has three possible positions.

1. Initial Position

Here the adverbial clause adds one means of variety to a sentence opening. An introductory adverbial clause is usually set off by commas, especially if the clause is long.

2. Mid Position (Often after the subject of the main clause)

Here the adverbial clause must be set off by commas, since it act as interrupting element. An adverbial clause in mid-position helps to vary the rhythm of the sentence.

3. Final Position

This is the most usual place for the adverbial clause ( as it for most adverbial expressions). Clauses of time and places ( often also result, purpose, degree) in final position are generally not set off by commas. For the other clauses the writer uses a comma if he would pause before one of them in speech, especially if the clause is long or is added as an afterthought.

C. Types of Adverbial Clauses

Adverbial clauses are usually classified according to the meaning of the conjunctions that introduce them.

1. Clauses of Time

These clauses are used to say when something happens by referring to a period or to another event. Usually made by using the conjunction (connecting word) such as after, before, no sooner, when, while, as, since, when, as long as, until, now, etc.

Conjunctions
When	I come to your house *when she wants to go out*.
While	*While he was walking home*, he saw an accident.
Since	They have become very snobbish *since they moved into their expensive apartment.*
Before	Shut all the windows *before you go out.*
After	*After she finished dinner*, she went right to bed.
Until	*Until Mr. Smith got a promotion in our company*, I had never noticed him.
Till	We’ll do nothing further in the matter *till we hear from you*.
As	*As he was walking in the park*, he noticed a very pretty girl.
As soon as	I’ll go to the post office *as soon as I wrap this package*.
As long as	You my keep my book *as long as you need it*.
Now ( that)	*Now ( that ) time has arrived for his vacation*, he doesn’t want to leave.
Once	*Once he never makes up her mind*, she never changes it.

Abridgment of clauses of place

The subject and form of be may omitted from a clause of place. The retained portion of the predicate may be :

ü A predicate adjective :

Repairs will be made wherever (they are) necessary.

ü A participle :

He will work wherever (He is) sent by his company.

2. Clauses of Place

These clauses are used to talk about the location or position of something. Usually made by using the conjunction as where, nowhere, anywhere, Wherever.

Conjunction	Sentences
Where	She lives *where the Johnsons used to live*.
Wherever	I always remember you *wherever I stay*.
Everywhere	Everywhere he goes, people always welcome him.

3. Clauses of contrast

There are two types of clauses of contrast, concessive and adversative. the adversative clause

a. Concessive Clauses

The concessive clause offers a partial contrast, it states a reservation that dosen’t invalidate the truth of the main clause.

Conjunction
Although	We couldn’t meet the deadline, *altough we worked day and night.*
Though	*Though he had always preferred blondes*, he married a brunette.
Even though	*Even though she disliked the movies*, she went with her husband to please him.

Certain interrogative words function as concessive conjunction.

1) Interrogative words compound with –ever.

§ Whatever he has done, he is still your friend and needs help.

§ She will not leave her husband, however cruel he is.

2) Interrogative words preceded by no matter.

§ No matter what he has done, he is still your friend and needs help.

§ She will not leave her husband, no matter how cruel he is.

b. Adversative Clauses

The adversative clause make a stronger contrast that may range all the way to complete opposition.

Conjunction
While	*While Robert is friendly with everyone*, his brother makes very few friends.
Where	*Where the former governor had tried to get the cooperation of the local chiefs*, the new local governeor aroused their hostility by his disregard for their opinions.
Whereas	Mary wanted to stop *whereas I wanted to go on*.
When	He claims to be a member of the royal family *when in fact his family were immigrants.*

Abridgment of Clauses of Contrast

The subject and a form of be omitted from a clause of contrast. The retained portion of the predicate may be :

ü A predicate noun :

Although (he is) only a child, he works as hard as an adult.

ü A predicate Adjective :

Although (he is) very young, he works as hard as an adult.

ü A prepositional phrase :

Although (he was) in a hurry, he stopped to help the blind man cross the street.

I’ll come and visit you soon, if (it is) only for a day.

ü A participle

o Present participle :
Although (he is) working long hours, he manages to find time for relaxation.

o Past Participle :

Although (she was) hired as a bookkeeper, she also does secretarial work.

4. Clauses of Cause

These clauses are used to indicate the reason for something. Clause of reason usually begins with the conjunction: because, since, as, now, whereas, inasmuch as, as long as, or the ground that.

Conjunction
Because	He went to bed *because he was sleepy*
Since	*Since he's not interested in classical music*, he decided not to go to the concert.
As	*As he was in hury*, he hailed the nearest cab.
Now	*Now he is inherited his father’s money*, he doesn’t have to work any more.
Inasmuch as	*Inasmuch as the two government leaders could not reach an agreement,* the possibilities for peace are still remote.

5. Clauses of Result

These clauses are used to indicate the result of something

Conjunction
So....that :
So+ adjective+ that	She is so emotional that every little thing upsets her.
So+ adverb+ that	She behaved so emotionally that we knew something terrible had upset her.
Such (a).......that :
Such a + singular countable noun	This is such an ugly chair that I am going to give it away.
Such + plural countable noun	These are such ugly chairs that I am going to give them away.
Such + noncountable noun	This is such ugly furniture that I am going to give it away.
So ( that)	They spent their vacation at the seashore, so (that) when they came home they were quite tan.

The same cause-effect relationship can often be established in either the cause clause or the result clause.

Cause clause	Because the children had rehearsed many times, their school play was very successful.
Result clause	The children had rehearsed many times, so that their school play was very successful.

Abridgment of Clauses of Result

ü Infinitive phrase

He won’t be so foolish as to reject that offer.

He won’t be such a foolish person as to reject that offer.

6. Clauses of Purpose

These clauses are used to indicate the purpose of an action.

Conjunction
(in order) that	He decided to take a trip around the world (in order) that he might learn about different people in their customs.
So (that)	The flower will be delivered as late in the evening as possible so (that) they will be fresh for the party.
In the hope that	They are working night and day in the hope that they can finish the building at the schedule time.
To the end that (formal)	To the end that justice may be served, the defendant will be offered every opportunity to establish his innocence.

A purpose clause, especially one introduced by so (that) often resembles a clause of result.

Purpose	He is saving his money so that he may take a long vacation.
Result	He is saving his money so that he might take a long vacation.

However, certain physical features distinguish the two construction :

a. The auxiliary may, can or will usually appears in the purpose clause

b. The purpose clause may be moved to the initial position

c. There is a greater pause in speech before the result of clause, and usually a comma in writing.

7. Clauses of condition

Clause that indicates the existence of requirements between the two events (events) are related. Usually made by using conjunctions such as if, even if, unless, in the event that, or in the event that, in case, Provided (that), on condition that, if only, suppose (that), etc.

Conjunction
If	If I see him, I’ll invite him to our party tomorrow
Even if	Even if I had known about the meeting I couldn’t have come.
Unless	Unless it rains, we’ll go to the beach tomorrow.
Provided (that) or providing (that)	We will be glad to go with you to the theater tonight provided (that) we can get a baby-sitter.
In the event (that)	In the event (that) the performance is called off, I’ll let you know at once.
Suppose (that)	Suppose (that) your house burns down. Do you have enough insurance to cover such a loss ?

In terms of the meaning contained in the conditional clauses , adverbial clauses grouped into three types:

a. Type 1: Statement with real condition in the future

This type show the situation that may occur in the future, if the situation are met.

Formula :

If + S + simple Present, S + Present Future

E.g :

§ If she leaves before five, she will catch the train.

§ You will fail if you don’t work hard.

b. Type 2: Statement with unreal condition

This type shows the situation in the future or present that cannot happen, because the condition is not met.

Formula :

If + S + simple Past, S + Past Future

E.g :

§ If I had enough money, I would buy a new car.

§ The cat will catch you if you were a mouse

Note : be in this type always “were “ although the subject is singular.

c. Type 3 : Statement with unreal condition in the past

This type shows the situation in the past that cannot happen, because the condition is not met.

Formula :

If + S + Past Perfect, S + Past Future Perfect

E.g :

§ If she had come here last night, Tom would have given her some books.

§ You would have seen my sister if you had gone to the concert hall last night.

Abridgment of Clause of Condition

The subject and a form of be may be omitted from a clause of condition. The retained portion of the predicate may be :

ü A predicate noun :

If (it is) a success, the experiment could lead the way to many others.

ü A predicate adjective :

If (he is) still alive, he must be at least ninety years.

ü A prepositional phrase :

ü If (it is) out of the question, please let me know.

ü A participle

o Present participle

If (he is) meeting with too many unexpected difficulties, he will abandon the project.

o Past Present

If (it is) carrefully done, the experiment should be very successful.

8. Clauses of Exception (Negative Condition)

A clause of exception is introduced by a conjunction that is equivalent to if it were not (for the fact) that and therefore may be interpreted as a kind of negative condition.

Conjunction
Except that (occasionally excepting that)	The building would have already been finished expect that a trucking strike had delayed delivery of some materials.
But that (formal)	But that his assailant’s pistol failed to fire, he would surely be dead now.
Save that (formal) (occasionally saving that)	Save that he lapsed into vulgarity every now and then, he had great appeal to his genteel women readers.
Only (that)	This antique vase is in very good condition, only that there is a little crack near the top.
Beyond that	The police could get nothing out of the boy beyond that he had become separated from his mother in the crowd.
Other than (the fact) that	Other than (the fact) that he is now in good financial condition, I have no news to report.

9. Clauses of manner

These clauses are used to talk about someone's behavior or the way something is done.

Conjunction
As if	They all treat him *as if he were a king*.
As though	He walked around *as though he was in daze.*
As	She always does *as her husband tells her.*

Abridgment of Clauses of Manner

The subject and form of be may be omitted from a clause of manner. The retained portion of the predicate may be :

ü A predicate Noun:

As though ( he were ) still the king, Lear demanded all the privileges of majesty.

ü A predicate adjective

He left the room as though ( he were ) angry.

ü A participle

Everything went off just as ( it was ) planned.

ü An infinitive

He opened his mouth as if ( he were) to speak.

ü A prepositional phrase

His illness dissappeared as if ( it was ) by magic.

10. Clauses of degree / comparison

Adverb as is a clause which states comparison.

Conjunction

Equal Comparison of two units :

As + adjective / adverb......as

The new machine is just as efficient as the old one.

As ...adverb...as

The new machine works just as efficiently as the old one.

Unequal comparison of two units

}

Adj / adv + -er

Or than

more+ adj/ adv

· The new machine is more efficient than the old one.

· The new machine works efficiently than the old one did.

Less + adjective / adverb.....than

The new machine is less expensive than the old one.

Abridgment of Clauses of Comparison

Abridgment through ellipsis is very common in clauses of comparison. Such abridged clauses are usually in parallel construction.

ü Subject retained:

She works as hard as her husbad (works). When the subject is retained, an auxilliary may also substitute for the entire predicate- she works as hard as her husband does.

ü Object retained:

She desires happiness more than ( she desires) wealth.

ü Predicate adjective retained:

She is more shy then ( she is ) unsocial.

D. Appositive

An appositive is a noun or noun phrase that renames another noun right beside it. The appositive can be a short or long combination of words. Appositives are usually offset with commas, brackets or dashes.

· My best friend,Lee, caught a whelk when he was fishing for bass

· Robbie, a hot-tempered tennis player, charged the umpire and tried to crack the poor man's skull with a racket.

· The insect, a large cockroach, is crawling across the kitchen table.

· Spot, a naughty dog, always play in our backyard.

· Scarfce, an online marketer, gains very high earning monthly.